Part 4
Questions 31-40
Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Marine renewable energy (ocean energy)
Introduction
More energy required because of growth in population and 31…………………..
What’s needed:
- renewable energy sources
- methods that won’t create pollution
Wave energy
Advantage: waves provide a 32………………… source of renewable energy
Electricity can be generated using offshore or onshore systems
Onshore systems may use a reservoir
Problems:
- waves can move in any 33…………………..
- movement of sand, etc. on the 34…………………… of the ocean may be affected
Tidal energy
Tides are more 35…………………. than waves
Planned tidal lagoon in Wales:
- will be created in a 36…………………. at Swansea
- breakwater (dam) containing 16 turbines
- rising tide forces water through turbines, generating electricity
- stored water is released through 37………………….., driving the turbines in the reverse direction
Advantages:
- not dependent on weather
- no 38…………………… is required to make it work
- likely to create a number of 39…………………..
Problem:
- may ham fish and birds, e.g. by affecting 40…………………. and building up silt
Ocean thermal energy conversion
Uses a difference in temperature between the surface and lower levels
Water brought to the surface in a pipe
Cambridge 14
Questions 31-40
Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
The History of weather forecasting
Ancient cultures
- Many cultures believed that floods and other disasters were involved in the creation of the world
- Many cultures invented 31………………… and other ceremonies to make the weather gods friendly
- People needed to observe and interpret the sky to ensure their 32………………….
- Around 650 BC, Babylonians started forecasting, using weather phenomena such as 33………………….
- By 300 BC, the Chinese had a calendar made up of a number of 34…………………. connected with the weather
Ancient Greeks
- A more scientific approach
- Aristotle tried to explain the formation of various weather phenomena
- Aristotle also described haloes and 35…………………..
Middle Ages
- Aristotle’s work considered accurate
- Many proverbs, e.g. about the significance of the colour of the 36…………………., passed on accurate information.
15th-19th centuries
- 15th century: scientists recognized value of 37…………………. for the first time
- Galileo invented the 38………………….
- Pascal showed relationship between atmospheric pressure and altitude
- From the 17th century, scientists could measure atmospheric pressure and temperature
- 18th century: Franklin identified the movement of 39…………………..
- 19th century: data from different locations could be sent to the same place by 40…………………
Questions 31-40
Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Concerts in university arts festival
Concert 1
- Australian composer: Liza Lim
- studied piano and 31………………….. before turning to composition
- performers and festivals around the world have given her a lot of commissions
- compositions show a great deal of 32…………………. and are drawn from various cultural sources
- her music is very expressive and also 33…………………….
- festival will include her 34…………………… called The Oresteia
- Lim described the sounds in The Oresteia as 35……………………..
- British composers: Ralph Vaughan Williams, Frederick Delius
Concert 2
- British composers: Benjamin Britten, Judith Weir
- Australian composer: Ross Edwards
- festival will include The Tower of Remoteness, inspired by nature
- The Tower of Remoteness is performed by piano and 36……………………..
- compositions include music for children
- celebrates Australia’s cultural 37……………………..
Concert 3
- Australian composer: Carl Vine
- played cornet then piano
- studied 38……………………. before studying music
- worked in Sydney as a pianist and composer
- became well known as composer of music for 39………………………
- festival will include his music for the 1996 40………………………..
- British composers: Edward Elgar, Thomas Adès
Questions 31-40
Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
The hunt for sunken settlements and ancient shipwrecks
ATLIT-YAM
- was a village on coast of eastern Mediterranean
- thrived until about 7,000 BC
- stones homes had a courtyard
- had a semicircle of large stones round a 31…………………
- cause of destruction unknown – now under the sea
- biggest settlement from the prehistoric period found on the seabed
- research carried out into structures, 32………………… and human remains
TRADITIOINAL AUTONOMOUS UNDERWATER VEHICLES (AUVs)
- used in the oil industry, e.g. to make 33………………….
- problems: they were expensive and 34…………………..
LATEST AUVs
- much easier to use, relatively cheap, sophisticated
Tests:
- Marzamemi, Sicily: found ancient Roman ships carrying architectural elements made of 35………………
Underwater internet:
- 36……………… is used for short distance communication, acoustic waves for long distance
- plans for communication with researchers by satellite
- AUV can send data to another AUV that has better 3…………………, for example
Planned research in Gulf of Baratti:
- to find out more about wrecks of ancient Roman ships, including
– one carrying 38………………… supplies; tables may have been used for cleaning the 39…………………
– others carrying containers of olive oil or 40…………………